Muhammad Ali Pasha
was the founder of the Alawiyya dynasty and the ruler of Egypt from 1805 to 1848.
Muhammad Ali Pasha
Muhammad Ali Pasha Al-Mas'ud bin Ibrahim Agha Al-Qawli (March 4, 1769 – August 2, 1849) was the founder of the Alawiyya dynasty and the ruler of Egypt from 1805 to 1848. He is known as the "Founder of Modern Egypt," a title he himself helped promote. He assumed power after being recognized by the notables of the country, succeeding in gaining the loyalty of the people after a revolt against the previous Ottoman governor.
Early Reign
During his rule, Muhammad Ali faced resistance from the Mamluks and the British but managed to gain complete control over Egypt. He fought wars on behalf of the Ottoman Empire against the Wahhabis and Greek revolutionaries, and expanded his territory to include Sudan. However, his ambitions led to conflict with the Ottoman Empire itself, nearly causing its downfall, which was averted by Western intervention.
Achievements
Muhammad Ali was able to achieve a comprehensive renaissance in Egypt in military, educational, industrial, agricultural, and commercial sectors, establishing Egypt as a significant power during that era. However, these achievements did not endure after his death due to the weaknesses of his successors, culminating in the end of the monarchy in 1953.
Early Life
He was born in the town of Kavala, in present-day Greece, to an Albanian family. He lost both parents at a young age and was raised by his uncle. He began his military career as a commander of an Albanian battalion sent to Egypt.
Period of Chaos
After the French campaign withdrew from Egypt, chaos ensued due to conflicts between the Ottomans and the Mamluks. Muhammad Ali capitalized on this turmoil to expand his influence and win the support of the Egyptian people by assisting them in their troubles.
Ascending the Throne
In 1805, he was recognized as the Ottoman governor of Egypt by both the notables and the Sultan. He subsequently faced threats from the Mamluks, led by Muhammad Bey Al-Alfi, resulting in fierce battles that yielded victories and failures on both sides. Over time, however, Muhammad Ali consolidated his power.
Wars with the British
During the Anglo-Ottoman wars, Muhammad Ali led Egypt's defenses against the British campaign led by Fraser, achieving notable victories and solidifying his strength as a ruler.
Eliminating Popular Leadership
Despite initial support from popular leaders, Muhammad Ali began to marginalize them once the situation stabilized. He removed Omar Makram, the leader of the notables, from his position in an effort to strengthen his authority and consolidate his rule.
Conclusion
Muhammad Ali left a profound impact on modern Egyptian history, establishing a modern administrative system and a focus on development, despite the challenges he faced.