Cancer develops when normal cells become malignant, growing and multiplying uncontrollably, ignoring the genetic instructions that regulate cell growth. It is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, yet early detection and innovative treatments can significantly improve survival and outcomes.

Most cancers are classified into four stages, determined by tumor size, location, and spread. Stages one to three generally describe cancer that grows in surrounding tissues or spreads to nearby lymph nodes, while stage four, or metastatic cancer, indicates that cancer cells have spread to distant parts of the body through the bloodstream or lymphatic system.

Symptoms vary depending on the type and progression of cancer. General symptoms may include persistent fatigue, night sweats, loss of appetite, ongoing pain, skin changes, unexplained weight loss, and new lumps or bumps. Organ-specific symptoms can also occur, such as blood in urine or stool, coughing up blood, or changes in skin moles. However, having these symptoms does not necessarily indicate cancer.

Cancer is caused by genetic mutations affecting cell function, leading to abnormal cells that divide uncontrollably and form tumors. Cancer cells may also spread to other body parts. For example, breast cancer may metastasize to the lungs, affecting breathing, or blood cancers may produce abnormal blood cells that outcompete healthy ones.

Inherited genetic mutations account for about 5% to 10% of all cancers, while most cancers are caused by acquired mutations over a lifetime due to environmental factors or natural genetic errors.

Understanding cancer, recognizing its symptoms, and adhering to regular screenings are key steps in prevention, early detection, and improving treatment success rates.